Princípios de Hahnemann no tratamento de um quadro agudo: relato de caso / Hahnemann's principles in the treatment of a acute frame: case report

A Homeopatia é uma ciência fundamentada na observação dos fenômenos naturais. Segundo Hahnemann, a cura homeopática é aquela que acontece de acordo com as leis naturais, sendo uma delas a lei dos semelhantes, já descrita por muitos médicos desde a antiguidade, inclusive Hipócrates. Quando são seguidos os princípios estipulados por Hahnemann, considerando a totalidade sintomática, incluindo a escolha do medicamento, sua potência, dose e frequência de administração, o tratamento homeopático torna-se eficaz tanto em casos crônicos quanto nos agudos, "sendo capaz de aniquilar a doença sem produzir novos e sérios distúrbios". Este estudo tem como objetivo exemplificar como, seguindo os princípios estipulados, a Homeopatia pode ser eficaz no tratamento de um quadro agudo que não obteve sucesso com a terapêutica alopática convencional. Trata-se de um relato de caso de paciente de 64 anos, sem doença prévia instalada, com ferimento corto- -contuso em mão esquerda após queda da própria altura, mantendo sinais flogísticos e ausência de cicatrização 13 dias após a realização da sutura e de fazer uso regular de antibiótico e anti-inflamatório prescritos. Após a avaliação da totalidade sintomática, foi prescrito Belladonna 6cH, administrada pelo método plus, resultando em alívio imediato dos sintomas e cura total em 5 dias. Realizando com cautela o diagnóstico homeopático e a partir disso elegendo o medicamento mais similar ao caso, com potência, dose e frequência de administração adequadas, é possível obter resultados eficazes com o tratamento homeopático, sempre considerando a constituição do indivíduo.

Homeopathy is a science based on the observation of phenomena natural. According to Hahnemann, homeopathic cure is one that happens according to natural laws, one of which is the law of similars, already described by many doctors since ancient times, including Hippocrates. When the principles stipulated by Hahnemann, considering the symptomatic totality, including the choice of the medicine, its potency, dose and frequency of administration, the Homeopathic treatment becomes effective in both chronic and in acute cases, "being capable of annihilating the disease without producing new and serious disturbances." This study aims to exemplify how, following the stipulated principles, Homeopathy can be effective in treatment of an acute condition that has not been successful with therapy conventional allopathic. This is a patient case report 64 years old, with no previous illness, with a cut wound-bruise in the left hand after falling from a height, maintaining phlogistic signs and lack of healing 13 days after the procedure suture and regular use of prescribed antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. After evaluating the totality of symptoms, Belladonna was prescribed 6cH, administered by the plus method, resulting in immediate relief of symptoms and complete cure in 5 days. Carrying out the diagnosis with caution homeopathic and from there choosing the medicine most similar to the case, with adequate potency, dose and frequency of administration, it is possible to obtain effective results with homeopathic treatment, always considering the constitution of the individual.

Effects of methyl jasmonate on metabolism of topical alkaloids and expression of relate genes in Atropa belladonna / 中国中药杂志

Hyoscyamine and scopolamine are important secondary metabolites of tropane alkaloid in Atropa belladonna with pharmacological values in many aspects.In this study, the seedlings of A.belladonna were planted by soil culture and treated with different concentrations of methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The contents of hyoscyamine and scopolamine,the upstream products in alkaloid synthesis,and the expression levels of key enzyme genes PMT, TR Ⅰ and H6H in secondary metabolites of A. belladonna seedlings were measured to clarify the mechanism of MeJA regulating alkaloids synthesis.The results showed that MeJA(200 μmol·L⁻¹) treatment was more favorable for the accumulation of alkaloids.The content of putrescine was almost consistent with the change of key enzymes activities in the synthesis of putrescine,the both increased first and then decreased with the increased MeJA concentration and the content of putrescine reached the highest at 200 μmol·L⁻¹ MeJA.Further detection of gene expression of PMT, TR Ⅰ and H6H in TAs synthesis pathway showed that no significant trend in PMT gene expression levels.The expression levels of TR Ⅰ and H6H in leaves and roots under 200 μmol·L⁻¹ MeJA were the highest.It can be speculated that the regulation of the formation of hyoscyamine and scopolamine by MeJA mainly through affecting the expression of key enzyme genes.Appropriate concentration of MeJA increased the gene expression of TR Ⅰ in both leaves and roots as well as H6H in roots,promoting the accumulation of alkaloids and the conversion of hyoscyamine to scopolamine.

Effects of nitrogen form on accumulation of alkaloids and expression of relative genes in Atropa belladonna / 中国中药杂志

Hyoscyamine and scopolamine are two main alkaloids in Atropa belladonna with great medicinal value. In this paper, the contents of hyoscyamine and scopolamine, the upstream products in alkaloid synthesis, and the expression levels of key enzyme genes PMT, TRⅠ and H6H in secondary metabolism of A. belladonna seedlings were measured to clarify the mechanism of nitrogen forms regulating alkaloids synthesis.The results showed that the 50/50 (NH⁺₄/NO⁻₃) treatment was more favorable for the accumulation of alkaloids and the conversion of hyoscyamine to scopolamine. The content of putrescine was almost consistent with the change of key enzymes activities in the synthesis of putrescine, they both increased with the rise of ammonium ratio, reaching the highest at 75/25 (NH⁺₄/NO⁻₃). The detection of signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO) showed that the NO concentration decreased with the decrease of nitrate proportion. Further detection of gene expression levels of PMT, TRⅠ and H6H in TAs synthesis pathway showed that a certain amount of ammonium promoted the expression of PMT and H6H in roots. When the ratio of ammonium to nitrate was 50/50, PMT, TRⅠ and H6H in leaves and roots had higher expression levels. It can be speculated that the regulation of the formation of hyoscyamine to scopolamine by nitrogen forms mainly through affecting the expression of key enzyme genes. 50/50 (NH⁺₄/NO⁻₃) treatment increased the gene expression of TRⅠ in both leaves and roots as well as PMT and H6H in roots, promoting the synthesis of putrescine to hyoscyamine and the conversion of hyoscyamine to scopolamine.

Randomized, double-blind trial on the efficacy of homeopathic treatment in children with recurrent tonsillitis

OBJECTIVE: The efficacy and safety of homeopathic treatment was investigated onchildren with recurrent tonsillitis justifying surgery. METHODS: Prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial that included 40 children between ages of 3 to 7 years old;20 children were treated with homeopathic medication and 20 children with placebo. Follow up was 4 months per child. Assessment of results was clinical by means of astandard questionnaire and clinical examination on the first and last day of treatment. Recurrent tonsillitis was defined as 5 to 7 episodes of bacterial acute tonsillitis per year. RESULTS: From the group of 18 children who completed homeopathic treatment, 14 did not present any episode of acute bacterial tonsillitis; from the group of 15 children who received placebo 5 patients did not present tonsillitis; this difference was statistically significant (p= 0,015). None of the patient exhibited side effects. CONCLUSIONS: Homeopathic treatment was effective in children with recurrent tonsillitis compared toplacebo, 14 children (78%) were no longer indicated surgery. Homeopathic treatment was not associated with adverse events.

A Case of Bilateral Acute Angle Closure Attack Induced by Common Cold Medication

PURPOSE: The authors report a case of bilateral simultaneous acute angle closure attack following administration of an over-the-counter common cold medication (ingredients: chlorpheniramine maleate, phenylephrine hydrochloride, and belladonna alkaloid). CASE SUMMARY: A 67-year-old man visited the emergency room with a sudden onset of bilateral blurred vision and ocular pain accompanied by headache, nausea, and vomiting. He had taken an over-the-counter common cold medication three times per day for three days before the visit. His visual acuity was 0.3 and 0.7 and intraocular pressure (IOP) was 50 mm Hg and 40 mm Hg in right and left eye, respectively. The refraction in manifest refractive test was +0.75 D sph = -0.75 D cyl x 100 in right eye and +1.25 D sph = -1.25 D cyl x 80 in left eye. The anterior chamber depth was three times the corneal thickness in center and less than 1/4 of the corneal thickness in periphery in both eyes on van Herick method. The angles of both eyes were closed on gonioscopy. He was treated with ocular hypotensive medication and miotics followed by withdrawal of common cold medications. After 10 days, bilateral neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) laser peripheral iridotomies were done. During four months of follow-up, there was no recurrence of angle closure attack, and normal IOP was maintained without glaucoma medications. CONCLUSIONS: Common cold medications which are easily accessible can induce acute angle closure attack in those who are predisposed to develop angle closure attacks, hence attention must be taken in those people when taking common cold medications.

Ação dos medicamentos homeopáticos Arnica montana, Gelsemium sempervirens, Belladonna, Mercurius solubillis e nosódio sobre o crescimento in vitro da bactéria Streptococcus pyogenes / Action of homeopathic medicines Arnica montana, Gelsemium sempervirens,Belladonna, Mercurius solubillis and nosode on in vitro growth of Streptococcus pyogenes

Introdução: As bactérias são os micro-organismos com maior potencial patogênico para o ser humano. As infecções causadas por elas são na sua maioria graves e devem ser tratadas com drogas antibacterianas. Uma dessas bactérias patogênicas é Streptococcus pyogenes, causadora de diversas infecções, incluindo amigdalite, erisipela e ndocardite, sendo que em alguns pacientes ocorre febre reumática como complicação pós-infecção. Diversos trabalhos na literatura demonstram efeitos biológicos em bactérias após contato com soluções ultra-diluídas. Embasados nessas informações, propusemos avaliar o efeito dos medicamentos homeopáticos Belladonna (Bell), Mercurius solubillis (Merc), Gelsemium sempervirens (Gels) e nosódio de S. pyogenes no crescimento in vitro da bactéria S. pyogenes. Arnica montana (Arn) foi usado no presente trabalho como controle, por não ser, aparentemente, indicada no tratamento de infecções bacterianas. Materiais e métodos: Os medicamentos foram utilizados nas diluições de 12cH e 30cH, nas concentrações de 2, 4 e 6 gotas em 3 mL de meio BHI (Brain Heart Infusion) com 100µL da bactérias na concentração 0,5 da escala de McFarland. A solução foi incubada a 37ºC por 20 horas e submetida à leitura em espectrofotômetro a 600nm. Resultados: Os medicamentos nosódio e Bell nas diluições 12cH e 30cH com 2, 4 ou 6 gotas inibiram significativamente o crescimento in vitro de S. pyogenes, enquanto Arn 30cH na concentração de 6 gotas estimulou esse crescimento. Conclusão: Medicamentos homeopáticos podem ter ação sobre o crescimento in vitro de bactérias, sendo que essa ação pode estar relacionada a sua aplicação clínica.

Introduction: Bacteria are the microorganisms with greatest pathogenic potential for human beings. The infections caused by bacteria are usually serious and require treatment with antibacterial drugs. One of such pathogenic bacteria is Streptococcus pyogenes, which is associated with several infections diseases, including tonsillitis, erysipela and endocarditis, being that rheumatic fever might occur as a post-infection complication. There are records in the literature of biological effects in bacteria subjected to ultra-diluted solutions. On those grounds, we sought to test the effects of homeopathic medicines Belladonna (Bell), Mercurius solubillis (Merc), Gelsemium sempervirens (Gels) and S. pyogenes nosode on the in vitro growth of S. pyogenes. Arnica montana (Arn) was used as control, as it is believed not to have any effect in the treatment of infections. Materials and methods: The homeopathic medicines were used in dilutions 12cH and 30cH in concentration 2, 4 and 6 drops/3 mL of BHI (Brain Heart Infusion) with 100 µL of bacteria in concentration 0.5 McFarland scale. The solution was incubated at 37 ºC for 20 hours and read in spectrophotometer at 600 nm. Results: Medicines nosode and Bell in dilution 12cH and 30cH and concentration 2, 4 and 6 drops induced significant inhibition of the in vitro growth of S. pyogenes; Arn30cH in concentration 6 drops promoted bacterial growth. Conclusion: Homeopathic medicines might have an action on the in vitro growth of bacteria, which might be related with their clinical applications.

Pharmacognostical study of Atropa belladonna / 中国中药杂志

Based on the research of plant taxonomy and botanical investigation, microscopic characteristics of the root, stem, leaf transverse section and powder of Atropa belladonna were studied for identification of the herb. The research detailed and made clear to the description identification and microscopic characteristics of officinal parts of the herbs. The work provided reference for the identification of A. belladonna herbs and pieces of work in the future, as well as a theoretical basis for the further research, development, medicinal use and the upgrading of quality standards.

Expression pattern of genes involved in tropane alkaloids biosynthesis and tropane alkaloids accumulation in Atropa belladonna / 中国中药杂志

Atropa belladonna is a medicinal plant and main commercial source of tropane alkaloids (TAs) including scopolamine and hyoscyamine, which are anticholine drugs widely used clinically. Based on the high throughput transcriptome sequencing results, the digital expression patterns of UniGenes representing 9 structural genes (ODC, ADC, AIH, CPA, SPDS, PMT, CYP80F1, H6H, TRII) involved in TAs biosynthesis were constructed, and simultaneously expression analysis of 4 released genes in NCBI (PMT, CYP80F1, H6H, TRII) for verification was performed using qPCR, as well as the TAs contents detection in 8 different tissues. Digital expression patterns results suggested that the 4 genes including ODC, ADC, AIH and CPA involved in the upstream pathway of TAs, and the 2 branch pathway genes including SPDS and TRII were found to be expressed in all the detected tissues with high expression level in secondary root. While the 3 TAs-pathway-specific genes including PMT, CYP80F1, H6H were only expressed in secondary roots and primary roots, mainly in secondary roots. The qPCR detection results of PMT, CYP80F1 and H6H were consistent with the digital expression patterns, but their expression levels in primary root were too low to be detected. The highest content of hyoscyamine was found in tender stems (3.364 mg x g(-1)), followed by tender leaves (1.526 mg x g(-1)), roots (1.598 mg x g(-1)), young fruits (1.271 mg x g(-1)) and fruit sepals (1.413 mg x g(-1)). The highest content of scopolamine was detected in fruit sepals (1.003 mg x g(-1)), then followed by tender stems (0.600 mg x g(-1)) and tender leaves (0.601 mg x g(-1)). Both old stems and old leaves had the lowest content of hyoscyamine and scopolamine. The gene expression profile and TAs accumulation indicated that TAs in Atropa belladonna were mainly biosynthesized in secondary root, and then transported and deposited in tender aerial parts. Screening Atropa belladonna secondary root transcriptome database will facilitate unveiling the unknown enzymatic reactions and the mechanisms of transcriptional control.

Enhancement of tropane alkaloids production in transgenic hair roots of Atropa belladonna by overexpressing endogenous genes AbPMT and AbH6H / 药学学报

Atropa belladonna L. is the officially medicinal plant species and the main commercial source of scopolamine and hyoscyamine in China. In this study, we reported the simultaneous overexpression of two functional genes involved in biosynthesis of scopolamine, which respectively encoded the upstream key enzyme putrescine N-methyltransferase (PMT; EC 2.1.1.53) and the downstream key enzyme hyoscyamine 6beta-hydroxylase (H6H; EC 1.14.11.11) in transgenic hair root cultures of Atropa belladonna L. HPLC results suggested that four transgenic hair root lines produced higher content of scopolamine at different levels compared with nontransgenic hair root cultures. And scopolamine content increased to 8.2 fold in transgenic line PH2 compared with that of control line; and the other four transgenic lines showed an increase of scopolamine compared with the control. Two of the transgenic hair root lines produced higher levels of tropane alkaloids, and the content increased to 2.7 fold in transgenic line PH2 compared with the control. The gene expression profile indicated that both PMT and H6H expressed at a different levels in different transgenic hair root lines, which would be helpful for biosynthesis of scopolamine. Our studies suggested that overexpression of A. belladonna endogenous genes PMT and H6H could enhance tropane alkaloid biosynthesis.

Enhanced biosynthesis of scopolamine in transgenic Atropa belladonna by overexpression of h6h gene / 中国中药杂志

Transgenic Atropa belladonna with high levels of scopolamine was developed by metabolic engineering. A functional gene involved in the rate limiting enzyme of h6h involved in the biosynthetic pathway of scopolamine was over expressed in A. belladonna via Agrobacterium-mediation. The transgenic plants were culturing till fruiting through micropropogating and acclimating. The integration of the h6h genes into the genomic DNA of transgenic plants were confirmed by genomic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Analysis of the difference of plant height, crown width, stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width, branch number and fresh weight was carried out using SPSS software. The content of hyoscyamine and scopolamine in roots, stems, leaves and fruits was determined by HPLC. The investigation of the expression levels of Hnh6h by qPCR. Both Kan(r) and Hnh6h genes were detected in five transgenic lines of A. belladonna plants (A8, A11, A12, C8 and C19), but were not detected in the controls. The plant height, crown width, stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width, branch number and fresh weight of transgenic plants did not decrease by comparison with the non-transgenic ones, and furthermore some agronomic characters of transgenic plants were better than those of the controls. The highest level of scopolamine was found in leaves of transgenic A. belladonna, and the content of scopolamine was also higher than that of hyoscyamine in leaves. The contents of scopolamine of leaves in different transgenic lines were listed in order: C8 > A12 > C19 > A11 > A8, especially, the content of scopolamine in transgenic line C8 was 2.17 mg x g(-1) DW that was 4.2 folds of the non-transgenic ones (0.42 mg x g(-1) DW). The expression of transgenic Hnh6h was detected in all the transgenic plants but not in the control. The highest level of Hnh6h expression was found in transgenic leaves. Overexpression of Hnh6h is able to break the rate limiting steps involved in the downstream pathway of scopolamine biosynthesis, and thus promotes the metabolic flux flowing toward biosynthesis of scopolamine to improve the capacity of scopolamine biosynthesis in transgenic plants. As a result, transgenic plants of A. belladonna with higher level of scopolamine were developed.

Glositis herpética necrosante / Necrotizing herpetic glossitis

Se recibe paciente de 8 años de edad, con un peso de 18 Kg. siendo delgada en complexión, Con problema para poder comer, con adenopatía grado 4 en ambos submaxilares, sin poder hablar, y gesticular y con dificultad dolorosa para poder deglutir, (odinofagia), con fiebre de 39 grados, cefalea en parietales, y muy sensible a la patología de su problema.

Arte homeopática / Homeopathic art

Dentre os reinos que existem na natureza, o reino humano, o reino do falante é o campo fundamental da homeopatia, que revela na psicologia experimental, através da linguística experimental, o ser humano, o falante. Uma outra característica essencialmente humana, a arte, encontra-se relegada ao segundo plano na nossa prática diária. A arte homeopática é um ramo da homeopatia que nos permite identificar o paciente de uma maneira singular. Aqui temos uma nova vertente para o diagnóstico e o seguimento dos casos através da imaginação projetada, seja por meio de desenhos, esculturas, tecelagem, ou por qualquer outro meio criativo. Como nosso referencial experimental é textual, ficamos limitados a esses elementos patogenéticos. Tivemos, finalmente, a primeira prova parcial da utilização clínica da arte homeopática, com aplicabilidade em outros casos, ao termos o deleite de rever o desenho de uma paciente que toma Belladonna repetir-se em outra paciente após 22 anos, tendo desaparecido o mesmo traço pictórico. O objetivo do trabalho é ressaltar a possibilidade clínica propedêutica, investigativa e prognóstica da arte homeopática.

Among the kingdoms of nature, the human kingdom or speaker’s kingdom is the fundamental field of homeopathy, which reveals in experimental psychology, by means of experimental linguistics, the human being, the speaker. Another basic human trait, namely art, is banished to the background in our daily practice. Homeopathic art is a branch of homeopathy that enables us to identify the patient in a singular manner. It supplies us a further approach to diagnosis and follow up by means of projected imagination by means of drawings, sculptures, weaving or any other creative modality. Since our experimental reference is textual, we are restricted to this type of pathogenetic elements. Fortunately, we obtained a first, albeit partial proof of the of the clinical application of homeopathic art upon seeing the type of drawings made by a patient who takes Belladonna for 22 years reappear in another patient. The aim of this study is to emphasize the propaedeutic, investigative and prognostic possibilities of homeopathic art.

La medicina homeopática ante la epidemia de influenza tipo A H1N1 en México / Homeopathic medicine to the epidemic of influenza A H1N1 in Mexico

La epidemia de influenza aparecida en el mes de abril, documentada ya como una epidemia diferente a la de tipo estacional, se ha manifestado con uma especial virulencia, obligando alas autoridades de la secretaria de Salud a adoptar medidas inusuales en nuestro pais.

Terapéutica homeopática en la neuralgia del trigémino / Homeopathic therapy in trigeminal neuralgia

la Neuralgia del Trigémino es una de las afecciones del ser humano que producen un dolor facial tan intenso que afecta considerablemente al paciente que la padece, sobre todo teniendo encuenta que en la mayoría de los casos el tratamiento alopático sólo mejora los síntomas ocasionalmente.

Contribuição de Apis mellifica e Belladonna no estudo de aspectos morfológicos de resposta inflamatória no tecido subcutâneo / Contribution of Apis mellifica and Belladonna in the study of morphologic aspects of inflammatory answer in the subcutaneous fabric

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo observar os aspectos morfológicos das células aderentes na superfície das lamínulas tratadas com os medicamentos Apis mellifica e Belladonna e implantadas cirurgicamente no dorso de camundongos. Uma vez que a inflamação é uma resposta imunopatológica, que pode provocar lesões no hospedeiro quando não controlada, muitos homeopatas prescrevem esses medicamentos na potência de 6CH em casos de inflamações agudas. As lamínulas tratadas com Apis mellifica e Belladonna, bem como as controle (CTRL) foram removidas após 2,7 e 15 dias de implantação. O tratamento das lamínulas com Belladonna revelou um aumento do número de células polimorfonucleares (PMN) seguido da diminuição de células mononucleares e CGMN sugerindo um possível efeito quimioatraente seguido de um efeito inibitório da ativação e diferenciação celular. Já nas lamínulas tratadas com Apis mellifica observou-se uma semelhança no padrão das células inflamatórias aderentes presentes, comparadas às observadas no grupo controle; contudo uma pequena redução no número de células presentes e aparente inibição da diferenciação das células gigantes multinucleares foi notada, sugerindo um efeito inibitório desse medicamento homeopático, porém mais discreto que o observado com Belladonna. Dessa forma, podemos sugerir que esses medicamentos homeopáticos podem estar exercendo alguma influência inibitória no estabelecimento de uma reação inflamatória persistente, o que pode contribuir com o entendimento da utilização desse tipo de terapia alternativa no alívio de condições inflamatórias como se tem observado

Spectrophotometric determination of atropine sulphate

Atropine reacts with sodium nitrite and 1-naphthylamine when heated from 95 -100°C giving an orange color with a maximum absorbance at 464 nm. This reaction is greatly affected by the pH of the solution and the time of heating. The assay obeys Beer's law in concentrations ranging from 10-800 micro g/ml and the visual limit of detection [LOD] is 0.5 micro g/ml. It has been postulated that obidoxime chloride may interfere with this reaction if co exists with atropine sulphate in the same solution or preparation, as this mixture is widely used for the treatment of organo-phosphorus pesticides poisoning

Novos horizontes... Surge a Homeopatia na Odontologia / New horizons... Borns the Homeopathy in Dentistry

Vemos hoje, entre os CDs, uma grande admiraçäo e fascinaçäo pela eficácia da Homeopatia. A descoberta desta opçäo terapêutica e o seu sucesso nos tratamentos das diversas especialidades da Odontologia fez com que muitos profissionais começassem a usar este caminho terapêutico. É importante enfatizar o convívio harmônico da Homeopatia nestas especialidades odontológicas e sua convivência pacífica com as outras modalidades terapêuticas

Medicamentos poco aprovechados en el tratamiento de las enfermedades crónicas / Medications little taken adventage in the treatment of the chronic illnesses

Este artículo refiere la necesidad de ver todos los medicamentos como actores en la similitud de la enfermedad crónica. Plantea la enfermedad crónica y la enfermedad aguda homeopáticas, como dos manifestaciones de un mismo proceso dinámico. Sugiere la prescripción homeopática en base a la dinámica mórbida, más allá del ejercicio repertorial

Hipertensión arterial / Arterial hypertension

La hipertensión arterial (HTA) afecta aproximadamente al 25 por ciento de la población de edad igual o superior a los 18 años. La prevalencia de la hipertensión aumenta con la edad, la padecen más de la mitad de todas las personas mayores de 65 años. La HTA sistólica-diastólica del adulto se define arbitrariamente como presión arterial igual o superior a 140/90 mm Hg. Más del 90 por ciento de los hipertensos sufren HTA esencial (causa desconocida). Menos del 10 por ciento de los hipertensos presentan HTA secundaria, es decir HTA asociada al uso de anticonceptivos orales, corticoides, patología renovascular, feocromocitoma, síndrome de Cushing, hiperaldosteronismo primario, hiperparatiroidismo, coartación de aorta, etc. El objetivo del tratamiento antihipertensivo es reducir la morbi-mortalidad cardiovascular. Es importante tener en cuenta modificaciones en el estilo de vida como p.e.: reducción del peso, moderación en la ingestión de bebidas alcohólicas, actividad física regular, mantener un aporte adecuado de calcio y potasio y suspender el tabaquismo. La medicación homeopática es de suma utilidad en: 1) hipertensión limítrofe, sin riesgos de afección cardiovascular o daño de órgano blanco, 2) asociada al tratamiento farmacológico